Nutritional composition and antioxidant properties of the fruit of Berberis heteropoda Schrenk

Objective This study assessed the major nutrients and antioxidant properties of Berberis heteropoda Schrenk fruits collected from the Nanshan Mountain area of Urumqi City, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China. Methods and materials We assessed the basic nutrients, including amino acids, minerals, and fatty acids, and determined the total phenol, flavonoid, and anthocyanin contents of the extracts. Results The analytical results revealed the average water (75.22 g/100 g), total fat (0.506 g/100 g), total protein (2.55 g/100 g), ash (1.31 g/100 g), and carbohydrate (17.72 g/100 g) contents in fresh B. heteropoda fruit, with total phenol, flavonoid, and anthocyanin contents of B. heteropoda fruits at 68.55 mg gallic acid equivalents/g, 108.42 mg quercetin equivalents/g, and 19.83 mg cyanidin-3-glucoside equivalent/g, respectively. Additionally, UPLC-Q-TOF-MSE analysis of polyphenols in B. heteropoda fruit revealed 32 compounds. Conclusion B. heteropoda fruits may have potential nutraceutical value and represent a potential source of nutrition and antioxidant phytochemicals in the human diet.

which should be understood to obtain benefits from its consumption.  While recent studies have focused on the anthocyanin composition of Berberis heteropoda 66 Schrenk fruit [3], the nutritional composition and phenolic components remain less 67 understood. Therefore, we conducted this study to assess the major nutrients and their 68 antioxidant properties of Berberis heteropoda Schrenk, providing additional information 69 regarding the nutritional roles and health benefits of consuming these fruits.   solution was filtered before storage, and a blank digest was performed in a similar manner.

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The blank solution and the test solution were each injected into the ICP-OES , and the contents 109 of K, Ca, Na, Mg, Fe, Cu, Zn, and P were determined. standard. The fatty acid content was quantitatively measured using the chromatographic peak. The TPC was measured using Folin-Ciocalteu's phenol reagent with the colorimetric method 134 [13]. Briefly, 0.5 mL of reagent and 1.5 mL of sodium carbonate solution (10% w/v) were

Extraction and Quantification of Total Phenol Content (TPC), Total Flavonoid Content
where MW represents the molecular weight of centrinin-3-glycoside (449.2 g/mol),

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DPPH free radical assay 164 The DPPH free radical scavenging assay was carried out according to the method described where AC denotes absorbance value of the control, A0 represents absorbance value of the 175 blank, and AS is the absorbance value of the sample.

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The ABTS free radical scavenging assay was carried in accordance with the method described where AC represents absorbance value of the control and AS denotes absorbance value of the 187 sample.

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Hydroxyl free radical assay 189 The hydroxyl free radical assay was carried out in accordance with the method described by where AC denotes absorbance value of the control, A0 represents absorbance value of the 197 blank, and AS represents absorbance value of the sample.

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The superoxide anion free radical assay was carried out in accordance with the method   The major nutrients of Berberis heteropoda Schrenk fruit are summarized in Table 1. The 236 major components were identified as water, crude fiber, and total protein. Water content was 237 the highest (75.22±1.75 g/100 g), followed by crude fiber (17.72±0.52 g/100 g) and protein 238 (2.55±0.03 g/100 g) contents. The ash content was 1.31±0.04 g/100 g, which indicates that the 239 fruit is rich in minerals. The contents of total sugar and total fat were 0.05±0.00 and 240 0.51±0.02 g/100 g, respectively. The energy content per 100 g fruit was 363.52 kJ. lysine, and glycine were also abundant. It contained 6 types of essential amino acids (EAAs), 252 and the content of essential amino acids was 0.9 g/100 g, accounting for 31.8% of the total 253 amino acids. The content of remaining ten non-EAAs (NEAAs) was 1.93 g/100 g.

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Fatty acids 255 The content of fatty acid in Berberis heteropoda Schrenk fruit is presented in Table 3. A total 256 of 10 different fatty acids were determined, including saturated and unsaturated varieties.

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Tetrahexanoic acid (C24:0) was found to be the dominant fatty acid, followed by 258 octadecentrienoic acid (C18:3) and octadecadienoic acid (C18:2). Unsaturated fatty acid 259 content (UFA, 51.52%) was slightly higher than that of saturated fatty acids (SFA, 48.48%). respectively. Evidently, with methanol as the extraction solvent, total flavonoids and total 271 phenol can obtain a higher extraction rate.    Schrenk fruit found in this study was slightly inconsistent with a prior study, possibly because 363 the previous samples were obtained from Yili, Xinjiang [3].

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The free radical scavenging activity of flavonoids and polyphenols has been demonstrated in 365 previous study [52]. The IC50 value is typically used to evaluate the antioxidant activity, and